Student faces U.S. extradition over 'pirate-TV link' website

By | November 27, 2011, 2:44pm PST

Summary: UK-US extradition policy is under scrutiny, after a UK student with a pirate link-only website could face trial in the U.S., even though his alleged crimes were not committed there.

Let’s take a wild hypothetical for a minute or two.

If I were here to publish a post — or tweet a link — which points to copyrighted material based on popular torrenting website The Pirate Bay, as a British citizen living on British soil, should I be extradited to the United States to face copyright infringement charges?

The answer of course is: yes. At least, in the eyes of the U.S. government, it is.

(Though tempting as it was, the lawyers kindly asked me not to).

Enter the case of a British computer science student, will find out in January whether he will be extradited to the United States to face trial for a website he owned, which purportedly offered links to other external pages where content could be streamed or downloaded.

The criminal charges against 23-year-old student Richard O’Dwyer relate to TV-Shack, a website which offered links — not content itself — to unlicensed streams of television programmes and Hollywood films elsewhere on the web.

But questions loom over whether a UK citizen should be tried in the United States, with its server and offices thought to be in Sweden, and its domain name belonging to the Keeling Islands in Australian territory, with no direct connection to the United States in any way, shape or form.

So, why is the U.S. government trying to extradite him?


(Source: CrunchBase)

During a hearing at Westminster Magistrates’ Court in Central London last week, his barrister told the court that U.S. authorities are attempting to “create an unlevel playing field at trial”, and that because the alleged offenses took place in the Britain, the student should face a criminal or civil trial in the UK.

John Jones, QC, on behalf of the U.S. government, argued that the victims in this case, the film and televisions studios, are in the United States and that “access to the website took place in the U.S.”.

On the former, that makes a arguably fair case. On the latter, however, should the extradition go ahead, there would be almost no jurisdictions left where the student could not be tried in, seeing as TV-Shack was one of the most popular destinations on the web for videos and television-linked content.

Visiting the site now will reveal a domain seizure seal by the U.S. Department for Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). Shortly after it moved to the .cc domain of Australian territory, the top-level domain was again seized, as the .cc domain was managed by U.S.-based Verisign

But under British law, the site is not illegal. Last year, a court dismissed a case in which a similar linking site known as TV-Links was ruled to not have committed any offence, as the website was ‘no different to Google or Yahoo’ in its linking capabilities.

Similarities have been drawn between this case and that of Gary McKinnon’s, who could be extradited to face computer hacking charges in the United States. McKinnon, although within the UK at the time of the hacking offences, to which he admits to have carried out, U.S. government computers were the targets.

The only viable connection here, however, is that the ‘victims’ of McKinnon’s alleged crimes were under U.S. jurisdiction, as arguably the victims in O’Dwyer’s are, thought to be the television and Hollywood film studios.

But in the hope that UK legislation could assist the 23-year-old student facing extradition, may be in for a disappointment.

The UK’s attorney general Dominic Grieve MP told the House of Commons last week that while recommendations made in the recent review of the UK’s extradition arrangements by Lord Justice Baker were “guidelines”, the government was not compelled to follow them.

The UK’s current extradition laws state that UK citizens could be prevented from facing extradition if the defence can show: “…a significant part of the conduct alleged to constitute the extradition offence is conduct in the United Kingdom, and in view of that and all the other circumstances, it would not be in the interests of justice for the person to be tried for the offence in the requesting territory”.

But these so-called “forum bars”, measures to block the extradition of UK citizens whose alleged crimes are committed under UK jurisdiction, were rejected.

Kick off your day with ZDNet's daily e-mail newsletter. It's the freshest tech news and opinion, served hot. Get it.

Topics

Zack Whittaker, a criminologist who studied at the University of Kent, Canterbury, is a journalist, writer and broadcaster.

Disclosure

Zack Whittaker

I worked briefly with Microsoft UK in 2006 but no longer have any connection with the company. Regardless, I remain impartial and unbiased in my views.

I don't hold any stock or shares, investments or industrial secrets in any company, but have signed confidentiality agreements with a number of UK and U.S. organisations, whose names I am not at liberty to disclose.

I was involved with Kent Union, the University of Kent's student union, undertaking voluntary, non-salaried, elected positions between early 2009 and mid-2010.

No other company, body, government department, non-governmental organisation or third sector organisation employs me or pays me a salary in any capacity whatsoever.

As a freelance journalist, whenever expenses are given and taken by a company that is not CBS Interactive, these will be disclosed in each relevant post to ensure transparency.

I currently work with a UK law enforcement unit, but this is an entirely separate position which bears no connection to other work.

(Updated: 23rd October 2011)

Biography

Zack Whittaker

Zack Whittaker, criminologist who studied at the University of Kent, UK, is a journalist, writer and broadcaster.

After studying criminology at university, though still in his early-20's, he has already had a series unconventional work and voluntary positions. He has worked with researchers studying neurological illnesses like Tourette's syndrome (which he suffers from), has given lectures on the nature of disabilities in the public community, and occasionally ends up speaking on television and radio discussing the events of the day.

He first had academic work published at the age of 22, then still an undergraduate, and has been cited by a wide range of publications: from the Huffington Post, Business Insider, AllThingsDigital, The Atlantic Wire and CBS News.

Related Discussions on TechRepublic

Did you know you can take part in these discussions with your ZDNet membership?
46
Comments

Join the conversation!

Just In

Julian Assange published stolen state secrets...
loupgarous 13th Apr
...and like it or not, in aiding and abetting someone who is unequivocally a traitor to his country, Assange has chosen the pirate life. His acts may not be traitorous since he owes no allegiance to the United States of America, but they are the Internet equivalent to warfare. He's in receipt of stolen information which he is publishing with the aim of deriving personal and professional benefit, regardless of the damage he may be doing to countless people. I do not think he should be extradited to the United States for criminal prosecution, but I do think the US government is justified in pursuing every avenue short of criminal charges to make his life difficult. And the US government should be creative in how this is done. This is a case where while the law may not be on the side of the US government, right is on their side.
Richard O'Dwyer used poor judgment to publish links to where unlicensed streaming television programs can be found on the Internet. Like it or not, this is not a case where ANYONE'S life or freedom is imperiled, as Julian Assange may have imperiled the lives and freedom of people who have helped our country.
The cases are miles apart in both a moral and a practical sense. O'Dwyer is being tried because he's helped someone else locate content that may be protected under copyright. The appropriate remedy in such a case is civil suit and recovery of economic damages, not incarceration, IF there is even a legal case for that under British law.
The sooner he's on a 747, US-bound, the better.

There's a 99% chance that he'll claim Asperger's, but that defense is somewhat overused.

Of course he should be extradited;

1. It's the world wide web - he (allegedly) committed world wide crimes.
2. He (allegedly) did the damage in the US, he should stand trial in the US

Isn't it time we stopped weeping for hackers? We know they ain't stupid, so why do we try to use stupidity as an excuse?
@Heenan73

He's not a hacker. He's a search giant for tv/movies...no different than Google, should we put them on trial as well? Yes, it's "wrong" but at the same time, it's a double standard.
0 Votes
+ -
@Zedox While Google is a search engine that can be used to search for pirated movies, the service is not exclusively designed for it.

On the other hand, it sounds like this particular service was specifically disigned for searching pirated movies and nothing else.

Torrent services have the ability to shield themselves with the fact that you can get LEGAL stuff using torrents. But this guy was designed the service to be in the not-so-legal side of the search and that is were he failed to be "just like Google".
0 Votes
+ -
There's no such law
guihombre 28th Nov
@wackoae,

"it sounds like this particular service was specifically designed for searching pirated movies and nothing else"

That's no law that determines a good search engine from a bad one, at least currently, although they are trying with that SOPA.

----
CLGC, a Republican lobbyist wrote the American Bankers association offering to construct a 'negative narritive' to discredit the Occupy Wallstreet protests, and warned that if Democrats got into power then Wallstreet Banks may face regulation, advising they secretly fund Republican campaigns. Memo written by two former aids to John Boehner, R-Ohio.

Search [john boehner american bankers association] before the Republicans have that link declared illegal and extradite someone over it.
0 Votes
+ -
@guihombre
Your political tripe is funny. How about I clarify that both Hollywood and RIAA endorse the LIberal Democrat political point of view (they are the pursuer of the charges) and might I ask doesn't this whole auto industry bankruptcy and government takeover just stench of union paid DEMOCRATIC campaign financing and endorsement? I mean if Ford could survive, you tell me GM couldn't?
0 Votes
+ -
@Heenan73

I would agree if I actually thought a crime had been committed. And the minute you referred to him as a hacker I realized you are an ID10T who knows nothing of which he speaks on this subject.
@Zedox
yes, he's no different than google, i call it another form of SEO
0 Votes
+ -
partman1969: Politics makes strange bedfellows
John L. Ries Updated - 28th Nov
It's true that the most important purveyor of intellectual property absolutism in the U.S.A is the generally left-leaning entertainment industry, but the concept is more in harmony with the expansive view of property rights traditionally espoused by conservatives and Randians than with what is usually called liberalism.

I daresay that were it not for entertainment industry money, few Democratic politicians would willing to go to such great lengths to enforce and expand copyrights, and the maximum life of copyrights in the U.S would probably be somewhere between 14 and 30 years.
@John L. Ries ...which is why former Senator Christopher Dodd (D, CT) is the current chairman of the Motion Picture Association of America; before him, it was Democratic stalwart (18 year Congressman and Clinton Secretary of Agriculture) Dan Glickman. If there indeed is a philosophical divide in Congress on attitudes toward how long copyrights ought to be defensible, it's VERY soluble in money.
@Heenan73

1. It may be the World Wide Web but what he did is not considered a crime in all sovereign nations so he did not commit "world crimes".

2. He allegedly damaged US companies but he did not commit the crime in the US but in the UK.

Therefore he should not be extradited without a trial in the UK. And that is provided the extradition treaty even covers this sort of crime - AFAIK the treaty covers crimes like murder and treason not copyright or patent infringement which is at the heart of this.
@Pete "athynz" Athens 2. He allegedly damaged US companies but he did not commit the crime in the US but in the UK.
I, and I suspect pretty much everyone else here, don't know enough about the actually laws to make a educated call on this but I had to respond to your comment. Long story short a number of years ago somebody ordered $1,500 worth of merchandise on my debit card from a company in CA to be delivered to my house. I received the items before they were able to get them from my front step and tried to get the local police involved. Their response was no crime had been committed in their jurisdiction, that the crime had happened in CA since that is where the items were ordered from. I don't buy that excuse but it does play here if in deed is the case.
@Heenan73
Of course he SHOULD NOT be extradited. He is a British citizen in Britain doing something that may or may not be legal IN BRITAIN. This is nuts to even think about it. Just because our stupid JOD thinks it has the moral athority to rule the world or that it is a new world order does not make it so. I certainly would not want the US to extradite me to a Muslim country just because I drew a picture of Allah. The DOJ should, if they want this person prosecuted, seek a diplomatic solution through the British government and judicial system.
@Heenan73 You are an obvious kook. Give me a break, this guy has not broken any laws. The real crooks are the RIAA and others in the Movie Industry that refuse to give us easy ways to view their content, so we have to resort to other methods. Then they want to take more money from us.
0 Votes
+ -
These days even Crime is distributed. One guy is "just hosting", another "just indexing"collectivly they form a robust content-stealing machine. They're all making money... but each individual claims snow-white innocence. Get him.
BTW, stop calling him a 'student' - that he may (or may not) be - who cares?

In this context, he's a webmaster, self-confessed conspiring to send people to an affiliate site that (accidently, I'm sure), was streaming pirate vids.

This poor 'innocent' saddo 'accidentally' creamed off about ??100,000 - and that's what he's admitted to. Why should we cry for 'naive' [LOL] affiliates of ripoff sites?

I'm not in the same niche, but I've seen ripoff artists scam MY niches, so I've no sympathy for them in other people's.

I agree the movie industry is stupid, out of date, and not the most sympathetic of crime victims, with advertising that seems designed to garner support for pirates - but piracy is still piracy, and those who choose to profit from piracy should be prosecuted.

Interestingly, if the judge on the previous case had not been certifiable, and let the guy off, this latest fella would have had a better chance of a UK trial; weird, huh?
0 Votes
+ -
Is he a terrorist?
guihombre 27th Nov
Because that expedited extradition treaty, the one where the US doesn't provide the court with evidence that he did a crime, that treaty was for serious crimes like terrorism.
It was argued the delay of judicial challenges to the extradition, might cost lives.

What an embarrassing joke it's become, extraditing a website owner for linking to copyright infringements.

The treaty has to be terminated, the law says you cannot punish people without a trial, extraditing him is clearly a punishment, he should have the right to challenge the evidence and charges against him before an extradition. That treaty does not permit that.

"'accidentally' creamed off about 100,000"

Then sue him, see if you win. The idea that we let an anti-terrorist extradition treaty be used to intimidate someone for linking to claim copyright infringements, is a joke no?

A heinous misuse of a badly written treaty? An abuse of process? A disgusting attempt that threatens the core freedoms enjoyed in the UK, like due process? No?
@guihombre
I agree. This looks more like a case for a civil trial in the UK than a criminal trial in the US.
hello Zack,

How far can you Brits bend over ?

The U.S. Justice Department is out of control. Since 9-11 Americans think anything and everything they do is acceptable, and think any ends justifies the means. Truly sad for a country that started out with such lofty ideals.

And BTW, to be extraditable to the U.S. the offense also has to be an offense in the U.K.

"ARTICLE 2
Extraditable Offenses
1. An offense shall be an extraditable offense if the conduct on which the offense is based is punishable under the laws in both States by deprivation of liberty for a period of one year or more or by a more severe penalty."
@Goldie07

I believe that "both States" refers to two individual States of the U.S. e.g., Florida and Montana.
@scrubjay

"@Goldie07

I believe that "both States" refers to two individual States of the U.S. e.g., Florida and Montana. "

Wow, that's what you think? LOL. No that is not what it means. "Both States" means both signatories to the treaty i.e. U.S.A. and the U.K. This was a quotation of the wording of the US-UK extradition treaty.

You don't happen to work for the Justice Dept. do you ??
If the UK lets this go ahead it'll be a sad day for extradition and the internet.
1 Vote
+ -
Here's my take on it: He committed a crime, no one here is contesting that fact. The crime was committed on British soil and although it was a crime against US it was not, from what I understand, a crime in Great Britain. Since it was not a crime like treason or murder the extradition treaty should not apply in this case. Now if he sets foot on US soil then by all means he needs to be arrested for his crimes.

UPDATE Before this gets any more replies as far as people taking exception to my first sentence here - I do realize that according to UK law he did not commit a crime. So yes I was wrong, thanks zwhittaker for the correction.
@Pete "athynz" Athens Problem is, under UK case law (as it was proven last year with TV-Links), he has not committed a crime.
@zwhittaker and @Willnott - I made my posting prior to digging more into this so I do realize now that according to UK law he did not in fact commit a crime. According to US law he did commit a crime so if the UK Government mans up and rejects extradition and he for whatever reason sets foot on US soil he does run the possible risk of being arrested. Personally I hope that the UK rejects the extradition as this alleged crime is not on the order of murder or treason which is what the extradition treaty is supposed to cover.
@Pete "athynz" Athens : Methinks before you claim for the action to be a crime, you best check into the official definition of what constitutes crime, and especially as it relates to locations and jurisdictions.
@Pete "athynz" Athens "Here's my take on it: He committed a crime, no one here is contesting that fact."

I contest that 100%. In fact its already been established that what he did is not Illegal under UK law, with a similar case being thrown out of court. Lets transpose this situation in to a real life scenario. If I tell someone that theres a guy down the road selling pirated DVD for $2 and he goes and buys some, what have i done wrong? Ive neither sold nor purchased any copyright material I have broken no laws. I mearly passed information but it was the persons own choice to act on that information.
@Scarface Claw You missed my admission of not knowing UK law as it applies to this situation - look at my reply to zwhittaker that was posted 2 hours prior to your post. Thanks.
@Pete "athynz" Athens

Taking just one aspect of this story, can one argue that the [alleged] crime was committed 'on British soil'? If someone outside the US mails an anthrax letter to a US address, and that person dies, hasn't he committed murder in the US without ever having set foot therein?

Such a crime should meet any and all qualifications for extradition (severity, illegal in both countries).

Or firing a gun across the border and killing someone. That could make for tricky legal definitions, the mere act of discharging a firearm may not be illegal in Canada, but the resultant death in the US likely is. Isn't the law just grand fun? Yeah, until someone loses an eye.
0 Votes
+ -
What the hell...
Naryan 28th Nov
I can't even believe people are debating this. OF COURSE he shouldn't be sent to the US. I can't believe you even used the argument "it's a world wide web and he committed world wide crimes". That's just mind-numbingly stupid. Since when did the US become the centre of the world exactly? Or are they just the rightful policing force of it?
This just makes NO sense.
@Naryan : TOTALLY with you!!!!
0 Votes
+ -
Ah, yes, this of course makes sense.
PepperdotNet 28th Nov
These are the same people that think Julian Assange, with no charges yet filed against him anywhere, should be extradited to the US for airing our embarrassing dirty laundry.
@PepperdotNet What you are describing is in reality 2 different issues. The issue with this is based on copyright infringement. What Julian Assange did is or should be considered treason for releasing government documents that were labeled as secret and confidential, and in his case IMHO charges should be brought against him and he should be extradited to the US to face those charges.
What Julian Assange did is or should be considered treason for releasing government documents that were labeled as secret and confidential, and in his case IMHO charges should be brought against him and he should be extradited to the US to face those charges.

Actually it's not "treason" since Assange isn't a citizen of the US, but the US govt. can get him on other things and hopefully they will.
@Pete "athynz" Athens

What Scorpio Blue said. You can't commit treason against a foreign state.

Additionally - and here's where I also part company with Scorpio Blue - many, if not all, US newspapers published the classified cables in whole or in part. It might be your opinion they all are treasonous, but it's pretty clear prosecutors don't share your opinion.

Also, it's been quite a while since prosecutors have been looking for something - anything! - with which to charge Assange, and still he faces no charges anywhere (relating to Wikilieaks).

I'm concluding he did nothing illegal.





happy
...and like it or not, in aiding and abetting someone who is unequivocally a traitor to his country, Assange has chosen the pirate life. His acts may not be traitorous since he owes no allegiance to the United States of America, but they are the Internet equivalent to warfare. He's in receipt of stolen information which he is publishing with the aim of deriving personal and professional benefit, regardless of the damage he may be doing to countless people. I do not think he should be extradited to the United States for criminal prosecution, but I do think the US government is justified in pursuing every avenue short of criminal charges to make his life difficult. And the US government should be creative in how this is done. This is a case where while the law may not be on the side of the US government, right is on their side.
Richard O'Dwyer used poor judgment to publish links to where unlicensed streaming television programs can be found on the Internet. Like it or not, this is not a case where ANYONE'S life or freedom is imperiled, as Julian Assange may have imperiled the lives and freedom of people who have helped our country.
The cases are miles apart in both a moral and a practical sense. O'Dwyer is being tried because he's helped someone else locate content that may be protected under copyright. The appropriate remedy in such a case is civil suit and recovery of economic damages, not incarceration, IF there is even a legal case for that under British law.
1 Vote
+ -
Here is my take
NoThomas 28th Nov
He commited a US crime against US companies, he is on UK soil, he should not be extradited, he didnt commit a UK crime. the treaty was not meant for that and it would be a misuse of it. If however he ever came to the US or US territory he should be arrested and charged for his crimes.

Gary McKinnon is a lot different though. He attacked the US military Network during a time of war. He attacked US government property, the computers he broke into and compromised were on american soil. He found the location of the US Navy's 7th fleet, it had to be moved. You can make a argument he commited a act of cyberterrorism against the US. Yes Gary should be extradited.

He was caught because he said he miscalculated the time difference and he logged into a compromised computer when the user was there and noticed him taking control of it. Now he says it was his condition that made him do it. He did nothing wrong it wasnt his fault. If that was the case and he didnt really think he was doing anything wrong, why did he have to calculate the time difference? What difference would it make to him if he was doing nothing wrong?
Whether or not it's a crime in the UK is irrelevant, as far as the US is concerned. Current US policy, as declared by Emperor Bush, and enhanced by the prophet Obama, is that if we won't hand him over, they can just send a squad over to snatch him or if that fails (or a trial would be inconvenient) pop a cap in his ass.
This is one of those items that makes me embarrassed to be from the US. Doesn't happen often, but it does with this news.
So... if this guy posted something rude about the Ayatollah and broke Iranian law, would the UK deport him to Iran where his "victim" is?
This makes no sense.
The first website I wrote back in 1991 is still up and running. In that website, I put up a page of links to sites I thought were cool back in 1991 (there were only a couple of thousand sites up and running back then...so the list of rather short) This was back when you could buy a book of all the websites available at the time!
This site is still up and running...although I no longer maintain it. I have not checked the links to make sure that none of the links are now pointing to pirate sites. Would I still be liable for this? According to this law I would...just creating a link...a link you have no control over the content of, would get you in trouble!
1 Vote
+ -
BEST GOVERNMENT THE MOVIE COMPANIES CAN BUY
wizardb@... Updated - 28th Nov
That the US gov for you if your a murderer it's alright we'll pardon you...oh you link to a patent infringing site,"OFF WITH HIS HEAD" screams the black devil!!!
I find this rather fascinating, actually; the concept that pointing at something which is illegal is illegal. That would be similar to someone saying, "Oh look over there. Someone is committing a crime." and having the speaker arrested for whatever crime the actual criminal committed.
Okay.
There's the shop I know around the corner - you can get all sorts of electronic/electrical and digital goods nice and cheap.
The address is X, the website is Y.
Please pass it on to your friends and family.

Wait - stop ... if you do, and that shop happens to sell illegitimately obtained goods ...
... you could be taken to court because you refered someone to a fencer!
You would be culpable.

You what?
That's what it boils down to folks.
This young man built a site that refered people to another site ... that happens to point you to content held somewhere else, that may or may not be legal/illegal.

His site had no illegal material.
The site he refered to holds no illegal material.
So where exactly do they draw the line?

By their account - if I suggest you go watch X on Y site ... that gets the videos from Z ... will I be taken to court too?

Pathetic!

If they want to put a stop to piracy - then they should be handling it at the source, Not at the far end of things.
They should also be looking at the reasons why people are commiting these crimes, and consider addressing the possible causes.

Of course - both of those require common sense and a bit of brain - so naff all chance of that occuring.
I don't think anyone should be extradited to a country that can contemplate such barbaric methods of torture and execution as an electric chair! And within which prisons murders are so commonplace.
I don't think anyone should be extradited to a country that can contemplate such barbaric methods of torture and execution as an electric chair! And within which prisons murders are so commonplace.
0 Votes
+ -
Why is Her Majesty's Government surrendering Mr. O'Dwyer to the United States Government? I can imagine two very nasty parallels to this case:
(a) Let's imagine a Muslim country with which the United States of America has an extradition treaty. Blasphemy against Islam is a serious criminal offense in that country. Are Americans liable for extradition to that country to stand trial for publishing images of the Prophet Muhammad over the Internet?
(b) The People's Republic of China views criticism of its government as a criminal act; it punishes its own citizens severely for posting criticism of or even rumors about the government - sanctions aren't just limited to removal of the offending posts or limitation of Internet access to the offender; people are being jailed. Can Americans be extradited to China to be tried and jailed for criticizing the Chinese government over the Internet?
While Mr. O'Dwyer's site admittedly is intended to facilitate copyright infringement, it does so against American law, not British law. If Mr. O'Dwyer can be charged for helping someone else infringe on copyrights on television programs in the United States of America, do you think that other governments will have scruples about trying to extradite those here in the United States of America who break their laws against freedom of speech? Might our government find it expedient to extradite citizens of Canada, Australia, Britain and New Zealand (the CAZAB intelligence community) for exercising their civil liberties if they extradite Americans for doing the same thing, just as we now eavesdrop on their citizens and they on ours in the ECHELON program? We've proven we can have at least one of those nations give us one of its citizens for trial over a transaction that's a criminal offense here and not there. Other nations are undoubtedly taking careful notes.

Join the conversation!

Formatting +
BB Codes - Note: HTML is not supported in forums
  • [b] Bold [/b]
  • [i] Italic [/i]
  • [u] Underline [/u]
  • [s] Strikethrough [/s]
  • [q] "Quote" [/q]
  • [ol][*] 1. Ordered List [/ol]
  • [ul][*] · Unordered List [/ul]
  • [pre] Preformat [/pre]
  • [quote] "Blockquote" [/quote]
ie8 fix

The best of ZDNet, delivered

ZDNet Newsletters

Get the best of ZDNet delivered straight to your inbox

Facebook Activity

White Papers, Webcasts, & Resources
ie8 fix