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Hardware 2.0

Adrian Kingsley-Hughes

Android bloatware results in serious security flaws

By | December 3, 2011, 3:48am PST

Summary: Bloatware installed by the handset manufacturers is making Android insecure.

It’s not just Carrier IQ that Android users need to be worried about. Researchers have discovered that some pre-loaded apps on Android handsets contain a serious security vulnerabilities that could be used to wipe the handset, steal data, or even eavesdrop on calls.

A team of researchers from North Carolina State University discovered the security vulnerability on eight different smartphones from Google, HTC, Motorola and Samsung. According to the paper published by the team, the flaw relates to how the Android permission-based security model is enforced and allows permissions granted to a pre-installed app to be ‘leaked’ to another without user consent.

Our results with eight phone images show that among 13 privileged permissions examined so far, 11 were leaked, with individual phones leaking up to eight permissions. By exploiting them, an untrusted application can manage to wipe out the user data, send out SMS messages, or record user conversation on the affected phones - all without asking for any permission

The eight smartphones tested by the team were:

  • HTC Legend
  • HTC EVO 4G
  • HTC Wildfire S
  • Motorola Droid
  • Motorola Droid X
  • Samsung Epic 4G
  • Google Nexus One
  • Google Nexus S

The team used a custom-build scanner called ‘Woodpecker’ to scan the pre-loaded apps for permissions leaks relating to the following permissions:

The leaks were categorized as follows:

  • Explicit capability leaks - Allow an app to successfully access certain permissions by exploiting some publicly-accessible interfaces or services without actually requesting these permissions by itself.
  • Implicit capability leaks - Allow the same, but instead of exploiting some public interfaces or services, permit an app to acquire or “inherit” permissions from another app with the same signing key.

Here are the results from the tests:

The researchers called these findings ‘worrisome.’

Here’s a video demonstration of the permissions leakage in action:

Bottom line, bloatware installed by the handset manufacturers is making Android insecure.

Related:

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Adrian Kingsley-Hughes is an internationally published technology author who has devoted over a decade to helping users get the most from technology.

Disclosure

Adrian Kingsley-Hughes

All opinions expressed on Hardware 2.0 are those of Adrian Kingsley-Hughes. Every effort is made to ensure that the information posted is accurate. If you have any comments, queries or corrections, please contact Adrian via the email link here. Any possible conflicts of interest will be posted below. [Updated: February 23, 2010] - Adrian Kingsley-Hughes has no business relationships, affiliations, investments, or other actual/potential conflicts of interest relating to the content posted so far on this blog.

Biography

Adrian Kingsley-Hughes

Adrian Kingsley-Hughes is an internationally published technology author who has devoted over a decade to helping users get the most from technology -- whether that be by learning to program, building a PC from a pile of parts, or helping them get the most from their new MP3 player or digital camera.

Adrian has authored/co-authored technical books on a variety of topics, ranging from programming to building and maintaining PCs. His most recent books include "Build the Ultimate Custom PC", "Beginning Programming" and "The PC Doctor's Fix It Yourself Guide". He has also written training manuals that have been used by a number of Fortune 500 companies.

Adrian also runs a popular blog under the name The PC Doctor, where he covers a range of computer-related topics -- from security to repairing and upgrading.

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RE: Android bloatware results in serious security flaws
AmediaN 14th Dec
@TheCyberKnight Geeks? Seriously? Anyone over 60 IQ can use any smartphone in the market... Don't dumb yourself down by saying you can't use Android because you are no geek...
Again and again.

Consumers clearly don't care about all this and continue to buy smartphones from a market flooded with devices running an operating system designed for geeks.
@TheCyberKnight, let me guess you own an iPhone?? Such a predictable response from one of the sheep.
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@MicroNix And because he possibly owns an iPhone or disagrees with your point of view he is somehow a sheep? Typical fandroid zealot response... even though he is correct in that Android was designed for geeks and tinkerers. But by all means tell me how he is wrong in anything he posted. Thought not.
@TheCyberKnight And the poor quality reporting that goes with these "revelations" doesn't help. Apart from the Nexus, we are talking carrier branded phones here, but there is no mention which "bloatware" is responsible.

Is it manufacturer bloatware or carrier bloatware? Is my unbranded phone as at risk as a Sprint phone? Or is it on a par with the Nexus?

The video and this article totally fail to provide any useful information, just a sensational headline to get viewer numbers.
@wright_is

I think the real point is, it doesn't matter whether the carrier or the OEM puts it on, one of the strengths of Android (openess) is also a weakness. The carriers and OEMs load all this crap on then lock it down, requiring the phone to be rooted to remove it. I know for all the Android geeks this isn't a problem, but it is for the average consumer.

Say what you want about Apple, but they took a hard line with the carriers and as result, this stuff never found it's way onto their phones (CarrierIQ aside).

And I say that as an Android user. I shouldn't have to root just to get Sprint's freakin' NASCAR app off my phone.
@wright_is

I never said iOS was impervious to malware. I simply gave Apple credit for not letting the carriers muck up their hardware with bloatware, unlike Google and the Android OEMs.

As for malware making it's way into app stores, anyone who believes (or expects) that Apple's review process is going to be perfect really needs a reality check. Companies dedicated to malware protection don't achieve 100% detection/prevention, so to expect any company from a different sector to do so is naive.

And let's not pretend that Google has a perfect batting average when it comes to preventing malware from entering their app store. They've had just as many instances, if not more.
@TheCyberKnight Geeks? Seriously? Anyone over 60 IQ can use any smartphone in the market... Don't dumb yourself down by saying you can't use Android because you are no geek...
I think I'll just stick to my dumb, do nothing phone...
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Me too!
PC Ferret 3rd Dec
@mcpetty I iz "old tech sheep kitty". =^.^=m
Good God, Droid is a mess...
@Cylon Centurion, these articles come out constantly but I have yet to meet anyone who has ever been a victim of any foul play. I would be more worried if I owned an iPhone as they are usually the first and quickest to get hacked at hacker conferences. Yes, that's right, they are pwnd in less time than an Android phone.
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@MicroNix So none of the malware found in the Google App Market and the random SMS issue makes no nevermind? I love how you completely ignore the facts about your favored platform.
@MicroNix has an iPhone running the authorized build ever been hacked, so therefore I shouldn't worry, and neither should anyone else.

And who cares what happens at a hacker conference where hackers have weeks to prepare and only can execute it on a certain build, or in many cases a Jailbroken iOS device.

And Like Pete said, I guess you are ignoring the malicious apps that exist in the Android Store. Much harder to get a Malware app into the Apple App store as it has to be digitally signed by Apple, and then if it is discovered that it is malware, Apple will know who to send to jail. Just like the recent malware author that got spanked by Apple for attempting to do just that.
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@Cylon Centurion
But less me guess... Is not MS fault if OEM'e install full of bloatware...
@theo_durcan

It isn't, to be blunt.
@theo_durcan

Take away the bloatware and Android is still a mess.
  • Flagged
@theo_durcan

And who's fault is it to include bloatware into iTunes?


http://www.zdnet.com/blog/bott/the-unofficial-guide-to-installing-itunes-10-without-bloatware/2390

Why is that important? When you run the iTunes setup program, it unpacks six Windows Installer packages and a master setup program, which then installs nearly 300MB of program and support files, a kernel-mode CD/DVD-burning driver, multiple system services, and a bunch of browser plugins. It configures two ???helper??? programs to start automatically every time you start your PC, giving you no easy way to disable them. It installs a network service that many iTunes users don???t need and that has been associated with security and reliability issues.

And you wonder why I dislike iTunes with a passion that burns like the fire of a thousand suns?



I believe that any bloatware is bad for efficiency and security. Period.

~~~~~~~~~~

Everything is theoretically impossible, until it is done.
~ Robert A. Heinlein
So, are the ticks good or bad? Perhaps an explanation would help....
@pgalea You might as well as forget getting an honest answer around here. About 99% of these responses are "MS is better than Apple, Apple is better than MS, Android is better than MS and Apple!"

It's so pitiful most of the time that you just can't help but laugh at it. Every system has it's flaws and every system has great positives, in the end it's up to each individual person. I happen to own MS products, windows computers, Vista laptop, and Win7 desktop. I also own an Ipad.

I also don't have a smartphone, just a regular cell phone that does have a camera. However, I haven't had an issue with ITunes, as has been mentioned here on any of my Windows devices, maybe because I don't use Safari or QuickTime which is part of the ITunes download?

In any event, There are security issues with every system, all you need to do is be smart how you use your equipment when online.....
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best response yet.
Free Webapps 6th Dec
@T-Wrench
Agreed and well put. I own ms products (xp-server-wm) for personal use. Apple macbook pro & iphone issued by work for work and android tablet for tinkering with. All have their pros and cons. To each his own. In my line of work apple has no place so 80% of us run windows on vitrual box and/or vmware. So again, to each his own.
Hate to be the one to burst a bubble but the Motorola Droid was a pure "vanilla" phone with no "bloat" added to it by the manufacturer. I guess that invalidates your bottom line and quite possibly the article.
Hate to be the one to burst a bubble but the Motorola Droid was a pure "vanilla" phone with no "bloat" added to it by the manufacturer. I guess that invalidates your bottom line and quite possibly the article.
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@MicroNix Which means that these security flaws are hard wired into the OS, certainly because obviously Google wanted to allow manufacturers or carriers to do what they want, regardless of the consequences.

The problem lies in Google itself, there would have been no security flaws if Google did not accept everything without scrutiny, from apps to carriers modifications
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RE: Android bloatware results in serious security flaws
Rabid Howler Monkey Updated - 3rd Dec
@atari_z Looking at the original article published by North Carolina State University to which AKH provided a link, it's clear that "smartphones with system images ... close to the reference Android design" have fewer capability leaks than the other smartphones tested (see 4.1, Results Overview, and Table 3). The Google Nexus One, Google Nexus X and Motorola Droid all had a single capability leak, involving the DELETE.PACKAGES permission, of the 13 privileged permissions tested.

This is just another piece of evidence that Google's Nexus smartphones are among the most safe and secure of the Android lot. Sadly, this study makes HTC's Android-based smartphones look really bad.

This also makes me wonder about Android-based tablets, including the Amazon Kindle Fire, B & N Nook Color and B & N Nook Tablet.
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@MicroNix ZDNets talkack system sucks out loud.

I hate to burst YOUR bubble but the original Motorola Droid ran MotoBlur which is a carrier mod of Android which also included all of the carrier crapware and bloat and not in fact a vanilla Android experience. Successive versions also ran/ run MotoBlurThe ONLY true vanilla Android experience is the OS included on the Nexus One that was sold directly by Google. I guess that invalidates your post and quite possibly every single post you've made on this talkback.
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Still in the fog...
rhonin Updated - 3rd Dec
I read the original paper and still have some serious questions.

As this is a new test system, how was it validated?
Need better definition of preloaded apps.
I have a Nexus One and lost track of what the issue cause was.
Are these actually able to be exploited or are they possible point of exploitation?
as I am running a newer version of Android, does his sill apply?

This needs a lot more evaluation before I can give it serious credence that I can be impacted.
When I look at CIQ, I was able to determine very quickly that I was impacted.

Adrian - needs more work.
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RE: Still in the fog...
Rabid Howler Monkey 3rd Dec
@rhonin Both Google and Motorola have confirmed the vulnerabilities in their handsets according to these IBTimes and Arstechnica articles:

http://m.ibtimes.com/researchers-security-flaw-android-apps-259809.html

http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/11/researchers-find-big-leaks-in-pre-installed-android-apps.ars
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Thx!!!
rhonin 3rd Dec
@Rabid Howler Monkey
@Rabid Howler Monkey Also no real information. I even read the original PDF paper, nothing on which apps are dangerous.

And "bloatware" on the Nexus? There isn't any, they have a vanilla install of the OS. :-S

While the paper documents their method and what they found out was interesting, there isn't much any information about which apps are "faulty".
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@wright_is 'Bloatware' is the term AKH used to sensationalize the information presented in his blog (you are familiar with AKH's writing style aren't you?). However, like it or not, NCSU identified vulnerabilities in the Google Nexus One, Google Nexus X and Motorola Droid devices, all with system images very close to the reference Android design. As both Google and Motorola have confirmed the vulnerabilities in their devices, there's really not much more to be said.

Based on their past behavior, I expect Google to promptly patch Android for these vulnerabilities. And I also expect that the Nexus line of Android-based smartphones will be among the first to receive the patch.
@Rabid Howler Monkey I agree, there are real vulnderabilities here, but WHERE? The research says certain apps are at risk, but totally fails to mention which ones! If I have a vulnerability on my phone, I'd like to know where it is, so I can better assess the risk myself.
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Load up Cyanogenmod
NeuronFlash Updated - 3rd Dec
Get rid of the bloat ware and Carrier IQ by rooting your phone and loading up Cyanogenmod.

All of our android devices (two motorola phones, an HTC Evo and a Viewsonic Gtablet) are running Cyanogenmod. Users in the family have high satisfaction rates with the setup.
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@NeuronFlash I'm running cyanogenmod7 on both my Samsung Fascinate and my Nook Color and love it... add at least one more person with a high satisfaction rate dealing with cyanogenmod. I've tried MIMU, expresso, and a couple of other ROMS but cyanogenmod is IMHO the best.
@NeuronFlash

I've been thinking about it for a while. Haven't made the jump yet but news like this certainly pushes me closer. Given that HTC isn't planning on updating my phone to ICS, once the modders get that up and running I'll switch over.
@NeuronFlash I swear .... Android users are the dumbest people in the planet. To them loading random crap from the web is more secure than what was approved and tested by the OEMs.

Security 101: Downloading crapware from unknown sources IS NEVER SECURE.
@wackoae Again, I would like to point out that Charlie Miller managed to get an App Published in the App Store with an Exploit Embedded in it. So does this make iOS users the dumbest on the planet for believing that Troy err... Cupertino is invincible?
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@wackoae Cyangenmond7 is not some random crap from the web - come on wackoae you are better than this.
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really is not a problem
theo_durcan 3rd Dec
dumb consumers accept this situation as normal on Windows for yeears so coming from Windows to Android is the same situation. What is funny is to read all MS apologists crying foul about something they accepted for years from MS, and telling us, is not MS fault...
@theo_durcan

Well obviously, you don't like Microsoft, nor Android. Android is based on the Linux kernel, so you are not an Open Source aficionado either. Hm, let me see, what's left? Are you an Apple apologist?

As to me I use them all. (I even have 2 iPhone 3G plans coming to term in December). Guess what? I already got my Samsung Galaxy S2 and am delighted by it. And in less than 1 month, 2 more members of this family are moving away from Apple. It's nothing personal. It's technological reasons. I like speed and efficiency. And also Flash.

Methinks it's funny Apple for 3 years in a row is the one compromised first at the Pwn2Own security competition. Once it's a fluke. Twice a coincidence. Three times? Apologize that.

~~~~~~~~~~
An armed society is a polite society. Manners are good when one may have to back up his acts with his life.
~ Robert A. Heinlein
@WinTard
I dont like MS. You dont like Apple. I like in fact Android. I use a galaxy S2. Good device overall.
Don't need to apologize for Apple failures, I'm not an apologist ala Willy Farrel & coworkers.
My point is, same as for Windows, bloatware installed by carriers won't affect sales. Users don't care very much, they see a lot of icons and they think they bought a device fully loaded.
If I have time I may come to explain 2+2, meaning the distance between reality, and the myth, concerning RDF & Jobs vision. In reality RDF is the future. Jobs was mocked for his RDF, mostly by Apple haters. What's in reality he was talking was about the future. The distance between Win ecosystem and Apple's one. Guess what? The man was stubborn. He build the future. He put back MS to their drawing tables, in reinvention mode (Ballmer: W8 is our riskier bet).
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Like NeuronFlash said root your Android devices and install cyanogenmod7 on them - I have 2 devices running Android 2.3.7 Gingerbread using stable versions of cyanogenmod and love it. No carrier crapware and no carrierIQ crap.
Wow, there is so much mis-information floating around it's ridiculous. The Motorola Droid(OG Droid) ran stock Android 2.0 day 1 and has never seen a day of Blur, and similarly the Nexus One, and upcoming Galaxy Nexus have never seen a non-stock experience. What this article is calling bloatware, seems to be the manufacturer skinned apps such as Facebook for Sense, or HTC Mail(skinned/tweaked Mail for Android based on the stock Android mail). For anyone that hasn't had an Android phone, please stop commenting because it seems like you're pretty off base. This isn't an iPhone vs Android thing, it's a security thing and if you don't know the tech, there's no way you can join this discussion
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completely agree
theo_durcan 3rd Dec
@MrSmith317
but where you are wrong is targeting iOS users as spreading the FUD; in reallity is tele-guided from Redmond, anybody that can make more than 2+2 can see it.
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@theo_durcan

Well I can see the coinciding of the processes of addition and multiplication, does that qualify as more than 2+2?

What I see clearly is that Apple is the #1 FUD purveyor, they even invented designed the Reality Distortion Field! Just google it without Apple, and see how many hits come back?

And Microsoft isn't antagonistic with Android? Heck, they are collecting over $1B per year from Android members of the OHA (Open Handset Alliance).

To my recollection, it's Steve Jobs' personal vendetta madness against Android that fuels all this FUD.

Oh here's the answer to the quiz in case you didn't get it.

The Divine Proportion, also called the Golden Ratio, and has been designated by the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet, PHI (21 is, of course, a Fibonacci number). PHI is an irrational number created by the successive convergents of numerators and denominators following the Fibonacci sequence. To demonstrate this, take any Fibonacci number and divide it by the previous Fibonacci number. For example, 377 / 233 1.61803. The further you go in the Fibonacci series with this method, the closer you approach the Divine Proportion, which is equal to
PHI () =( 5 + 1 ) / 2
Being an irrational number, it extends far beyond 1.618033988749894...but is often approximated at 1.618. The ratios of successive Fibonacci numbers tend toward PHI, so PHI is the limit of the sequence 2/3, 3/5, 5/8, 8/13, etc. These ratios approach, but never equal PHI. Mathematicians measure how "irrational" a number is by seeing how quickly the differences between these fractions and PHI shrink toward zero. It so happens that they shrink more slowly for PHI than for any other irrational number. This is why number theorists say that PHI is the "most irrational number." Two fascinating properties of PHI are seen in its reciprocal and its square:
1 = - 1 or 0.618...


= + 1 or 2.618...
Remember that multiplication is really a special form of addition, and PHI represents a coinciding of the processes of addition and multiplication. What was a linear accumulation suddenly becomes a square (+1 = ), and there is a leap of growth. In the plant, the simple additive growth in the stem suddenly erupts into a flower. When such a moment occurs in the context of spiritual development, it is called enlightenment. In our brains, the additive accumulation of data suddenly blossoms into a genuine understanding. There is a development from points to lines to planes, and finally, to volume. This is demonstrated by simultaneously adding and multiplying in the mathematical equation:
+ = = x

~ Luca Paciol revealed in De Divina Proportione




Edit: Since this ZDNet forums doesn't accept mathematical characters and equations, here is an image http://i.imgur.com/cpu2X.png Cheers!
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Double post
Yes and our Nukes are open to attack by rogue countries! See, I can speculate and not provide any proof of actual exploits in the wild too!

Anyway, these are proof of concept designs and there's no evidence that this has already been exploited.

Remember, iOS and the App Store were both Compromised in a similar Proof of Concept that got their biggest nemesis banned.
Find a tool to freeze or remove apps.
Although in many cases, you do, you don't necessarily need to root your phone to do this.
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I'm missing something...
wright_is 5th Dec
The app displayed is not bloatware, it is a hack to take advantage of alleged security lapses in the bloatware. Nowhere in the article or in the video is any mention made of what bloatware is responsible for this...

I have an unbranded Sensation, do I suffer from the same leakage as the Sprint phone? Some detail on exactly what is meant here by "bloatware" would be useful.

This feels the same as the initial Carrier IQ stories last week, potentially harmful software is on the displayed machine, but the video and the reporting around it doesn't provide any useful information.

As it turned out, the CIQ debacle was limited to US carriers (AT&T and Sprint are the ones I've seen mentioned), but unbranded US phones and international phones were not affected.

This bloatware story is similar, they talk about bloatware causing leaks, but there is no mention of whether this is manufacturer bloatware or carrier bloatware, or even which pieces of software are involved...
could we please be extended the privelege of knowledge about which apps are being talked about?

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