Counting consequences: Why Wikileaks cannot be a 'terrorist organisation'

By | February 14, 2011, 5:49am PST

Summary: A break away from traditional tech, today, to explain why Wikileaks and Assange could not be considered terrorists, and the resulting consequences if they are.

Criminologically speaking, in both respects, Wikileaks as a whistleblowing media foundation is not a terrorist organisation, nor is Julian Assange as the effective lead of the organisation, a terrorist.

The vast majority of us are under the impression that women who detonate vests of explosives in busy market streets, or men who shoot students on a university campus are terrorists. A man in a coffee shop who shouts and scares an infant for no particular given reason, versus the killing of a family pet in retaliation for some neighbourhood dispute, might be argued otherwise.

If terrorism is widely accepted as premeditated, political violence targeting the innocent, one has to question who is defined as innocent, and how innocence is recorded, measured and perceived.

In this case, a Afghani suicide bombing of NATO forces compares equally and directly to a US drone attack where it kills militants but also a handful of non-combatant civilians. On the ground, the consequences are the same. Terrorism is action based, regardless of who commits it.

The label has become too easy, too indiscriminate and ultimately too vague. Not to mention, the term ‘terrorist’ already carries predetermined negative connotations. To call such collectives ’aggrieved groups’ would open them up to at least a fair hearing out.

While the world is aware that he is facing extradition from England to Sweden to face allegations of sexual misconduct and assault, we are not for one minute preempting the court in any way by labelling him ‘a rapist’. Can we therefore label him ‘a terrorist’?

The consequences of labelling Wikileaks as ’terrorists’ »

Topics

Zack Whittaker, a criminologist who studied at the University of Kent, Canterbury, is a journalist, writer and broadcaster.

Disclosure

Zack Whittaker

I worked briefly with Microsoft UK in 2006 but no longer have any connection with the company. Regardless, I remain impartial and unbiased in my views.

I don't hold any stock or shares, investments or industrial secrets in any company, but have signed confidentiality agreements with a number of UK and U.S. organisations, whose names I am not at liberty to disclose.

I was involved with Kent Union, the University of Kent's student union, undertaking voluntary, non-salaried, elected positions between early 2009 and mid-2010.

No other company, body, government department, non-governmental organisation or third sector organisation employs me or pays me a salary in any capacity whatsoever.

As a freelance journalist, whenever expenses are given and taken by a company that is not CBS Interactive, these will be disclosed in each relevant post to ensure transparency.

I currently work with a UK law enforcement unit, but this is an entirely separate position which bears no connection to other work.

(Updated: 23rd October 2011)

Biography

Zack Whittaker

Zack Whittaker, criminologist who studied at the University of Kent, UK, is a journalist, writer and broadcaster.

After studying criminology at university, though still in his early-20's, he has already had a series unconventional work and voluntary positions. He has worked with researchers studying neurological illnesses like Tourette's syndrome (which he suffers from), has given lectures on the nature of disabilities in the public community, and occasionally ends up speaking on television and radio discussing the events of the day.

He first had academic work published at the age of 22, then still an undergraduate, and has been cited by a wide range of publications: from the Huffington Post, Business Insider, AllThingsDigital, The Atlantic Wire and CBS News.

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actor based vs action based?
MC Murphy 3rd Jun
@zwhittaker

Could you explain the difference between "actor based" and "action based". Thanks.
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Definition
ms414 14th Feb 2011
The only true definition of a terrorist:

A person or organized group of people working or thinking against political or economic interests of the glorious United States of America, may the God bless it!
@ms414 You've just described any opposition party or pressure group you care to name.
Terrorism is about terror. The threat of violence such as would induce a state of fear and terror not opposition politics!
@ms414 Some of you tech people really don?t get it. You whine about government and businesses and don?t realize how great you have it. If you would stop complaining and use your skills and time in a productive manner you might not have to worry so much about those ?evil? people in Government and ?Big business?. Start condemning the terrorists that are targeting these institutions. You seem to think that these businesses are faceless islands of evil. These businesses employ great numbers of good and innocent people and also provide needed/wanted services to the vast majority of people. Attacking them is the same thing as attacking innocent people. If you won?t? help find out and deal with the real evil people in technology, who are performing terrorist acts, then don?t complain when someone else does.
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Don't act naive.
terry flores 14th Feb 2011
A "terrorist" is whoever the US Government labels as a terrorist. Proof, facts, or even general accusations are irrelevant. That's the state of the world today.

For governments, the nice thing about labels such as "terrorist" is that they remove the person being labeled from all protections normally accorded human beings, even non-citizens or criminals. The US people granted the government this power after 9/11. The British people have more or less done the same, only over a longer period of time. These powers will never be rescinded, it will take something like Egypt's upheaval to remove these powers from the hands of the authoritarians.

Assange made a critical mistake in letting himself be identified with Wikileaks. He somehow thought that being publicly known would prevent the authorities from taking action against him, but he was wrong. Simply by labeling him a terrorist, he was promoted to a level not reached by even the most heinous child molester or mass murderer, one who could be shot on sight or "disappeared" without reproach from the populace.
@terry flores Totally agree. The real terrorists have already won, because they turned our own governments into images of their own. These days, we live more in fear of our own governments than from any outside attack. Soon voicing any anti-government opinion will label us as terrorists and the government will just start rounding up anyone who disagrees with them, no warrants or evidence needed.
who might be visiting both of you soon. wink
@adornoe@

Men in Black, no. Women in tights, I'd be willing to go ...

Actually I'm in a pretty good spot. My company is in the "security" industry, so it's good business for us. The government knows all about me from Day 1 of my life; I was born at Bethesda Naval Hospital. My dad retired from Federal Service in 2006, after 6 years in the Navy and 19 years in the FBI, now he works for one of the Beltway Bandits.

Even so, none of this is top secret. For the most part, it works okay. Agents are bounced around between assignments to prevent getting complacent. And the number of investigative mistakes is *relatively* minor. Of course if *you* are the subject of one of the mistakes it's not so minor to you, but you are just one of 300 million people, and the other 299,999,999 are willing to let you suffer in the name of safety.
Did I see you go up against the mortgage banks trying to help those underwater? No, cause it doesn't effect you, your finacially stable.

Did I see you go lobbyp against the credit card banks trying to help those in debt? No, cause it doesn't effect you, your credit cards are smartly managed.

You see, people really don't go out of their way to help those in need unless it effects them, why should they care if you suffer in the name of security?
  • Flagged
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Great topic and article Zack.
Ron Willison 14th Feb 2011
Our college kids are now terrorists. According to the FBI.

Those of you that get your news from other sources than mainstream will probably have seen the reports of "FBI raids over 40 college dorms and seizes computers and all electronic devices they could find. Nobody was charged or arrested" The next paragraph should show you why the Patriot act has got to go.


The vote was to reauthorize three controversial parts of the bill: the "lone wolf" section, empowering the government to keep surveillance on suspects unconnected to any foreign government or group; roving wiretaps, the power to tap any phone authorities suspect a subject might use; and a section that lets government seize anything that it thinks might have a connection to an investigation, even if the holder of the property isn't suspected of anything.


That is just plain wrong. The laptops, Cell phones, flash drives etc. Were takin from OUR children. It does not matter that many or all had nothing to do with the ANON" operation payback ddos attacks leveled at Paypal and so on. Those kids had their school homework, projects, notes, calenders, and etc. Just taken away by the "OUR" US GOVERNMENT.And now you can see Your Patriot Act in action. God help us.
@Ron Willison So true!! When I saw members of our own Congress publicly calling kids who download music "terrorists" I was convinced they were going to use that label to get around our Constitutional freedoms in every way possible. Now, they have decided anyone who exposes the illegal acts of our government is a terrorist. Next, it will be anyone who voices an opinion against the governments policies. Our government is no longer a democracy. It has become a totalitarian regime with citizens needing to fear the government more in their daily lives than they fear outside attacks. It is only a matter of time before elections are eliminated entirely, probably in the name of protecting us from terrorists. For all we know, they've already been eliminated and the entire process is merely a show, orchestrated to soothe the ignorant masses.
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Geez man! Get a grip.
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Here's a thin line, BillDem
John Zern 15th Feb 2011
first, if you could provide a link to the article where a member of congress called kids downloading music "terrorists" that would be appriciated, and of interest.

But what is the difference between an orginization trying to cause finacial instability by blowing up a building thus destroying everything inside, vs an orginization that steals everything it can out of the building towards the same result?
Well said Zack.
I look forward to reading your future articles.
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you do not get it
Linux Geek 14th Feb 2011
unless you understand the American exceptionalism you can't comprehend the meaning of terrorism.
@Linux Geek I think you're all missing the point. Defining what terrorism and/or terrorist organisation is, is far too difficult. It's subjective - which is why you have all come up with your own best representatives of it. You're all wrong; just as my own personal definition would be. There's no point in defining it because it's action based, rather actor based - and therefore different every single time and constantly evolving.
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Zack: Look, you can't separate the actor from the action.
adornoe@... Updated - 14th Feb 2011
If an actor belongs to a group that plans and carries out acts of terrorism, then that actor is just as much a terrorist as the whole organization. Being a conspirator from a distance doesn't change the fact that, the distance player is as much a part of the planning and carrying out the acts. The person who blows himself up is as much a terrorist as the one who assisted with money or information or with picking out the targets or giving him the training or in giving him the food to sustain him until the acts of terrorism is carried out.

This is an area where definitions don't really matter. In fact, just giving a terrorist moral support could be something that could define someone as a terrorist in the minds of many people, because, without that encouragement, perhaps some terrorist acts wouldn't even occur.
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misses the point it does
Alex G. (DV411) 14th Feb 2011
@zwhittaker Zack, your whole article misses the point as it tries to answer a question that few people have ever asked, and even fewer are interested in knowing the answer to. The real question is whether WL's behavior is criminal.
@zwhittaker
It comes down to premeditaion: A terrorist orginization is one that plans on blowing up a schoolbus full of children, while a defective missle that accidently destroyed the bus is not premeditated, instead a horrible mistake, but one that should not be overlooked, either.

What Wikileaks doeas is premeditated, done with a specific goal in mind, and one done without any regards to the consequences.

He didn't accidentlly post the data, he asks for the data with a certain goal in mind, a goal that's in his intrest, not the interest of those that may suffer for it.

Kind of why a murderer does what he does?
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actor based vs action based?
MC Murphy 3rd Jun
@zwhittaker

Could you explain the difference between "actor based" and "action based". Thanks.
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This post was accidentally added
John L. Ries Updated - 14th Feb 2011
@Linux Geek
See below
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Were it not for some previous posts you made...
John L. Ries Updated - 14th Feb 2011
@Linux Geek
...I'd think you were kidding.

I don't have a dictionary in front of me, but I think the generally accepted definition of terrorism is violence against private persons and property for the purpose of promoting one's political goals (for grins and giggles, we'll exclude the wars waged by governments from the definition, even if military actions deliberately target civilians). As nobody has seriously accused Wikileaks or its leaders of violence, Wikileaks cannot be considered a terrorist organization, as reprehensible as some of their actions might be.

So why would that have anything to do with American exceptionalism?

Edit: Maybe we should narrow the definition further to violence against people only, since I'm not certain that politically motivated vandalism really qualifies as terrorism, unless it can be reasonably construed to promote fear (like blowing up someone's house when nobody is home).
@John L. Ries
Exceptionalism means that you were empowered by God to define good and evil and hence what terrorism is.
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Perhaps not a terrorist...
cornpie 14th Feb 2011
But still an opportunistic self centered jerk who does not care who he hurts.

And Zak, I object to your use of the American flag unless you are also going to add your own flag since your government doesn't like him any more than ours - or any number of other governments. Using the American flag is just your own brand of opportunism. Its easy to overlook your own country when putting an American flag on it can so easily up your hit count.
cornpie --

In Zack's defense, that picture was credited to Time magazine. Still, your point about many other governments opposing Assange is a valid one.

For myself, I'm no fan of Assange. His followers hide behind Truth (with a capital T) as absolute justification for any information revealed on Wikileaks, regardless of the consequences to innocent people.

Taking this belief structure to its [il]logical conclusion, would it be fine for Wikileaks to post the passcode to a person's home security system? Their social security number? Their medical records? Those are also "Truth," after all ... but should they be published for the world to see, simply because they're "Truth"?
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@cornpie ... first of all, he's not in the business of hurting people but of helping them. Revealing misconduct by powerful actors is a way of helping their many victims. WikiLeaks also is going to great lengths to have a redacting process to remove dates and names from the released cables. The NY Times has a relationship with the government and the government is advising them what to redact, and the Times then notified WikiLeaks of what to redact so as to protect vulnerable sources. If he 'didn't care', he'd just dump the docs unredacted.

So far the pentagon has not found one single case of anyone being killed or hurt as a result of the leaks, and no doubt they tried very hard to find one.

Don't listen to what idiot American politicians say and then repeat it because they sound authoritative. They're idiots and they're being destructive, and *they* do not care who they hurt.
@HollywoodDog
it sounds like you believe yourself to be mr rightous deciding what is misconduct and what is good pr - your mind is so small but you believe yourslf so smart that you can see all the ramifications of releasing what it is YOU define as "misconduct"

weve seen people like you before believing your opinion is better then everyone elses that your somehow privy to this knowledge that doesnt concern you.

funny how that works with people like you.
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As opposed to the Very Serious People
HollywoodDog 15th Feb 2011
@HollywoodDog ... who massacre three dozen people on the ground in Iraq, cheering and whooping as they do it. Heaven forbid people like me come along, and don't do things like that.

(Don't think we even need to get in to the liars who lied us in to a war that killed a million innocents)
well broadly speaking he doies fit the bill of a terrorist, given that the meaning is ;
one who uses violence to cause terror in others for financial or political gain or someone who encourages others to do the same or one who inspires other to carry out such actions .

so pretty much yeah, and the supporters of wikileaks carrying out cyber attacks for 2 weeks against various financial institutes, political organisations and so on just prove that wether or not assange told his cohorts to arrange these actions on his behalf or not, by the mere fact he didnt tell them not to do it or publicly decry there actions proves he is a terrorist.

the article leave a fair bit to be desired, the idiotic use of a flag as a gag is in poor taste, the people behind wiki leaks should of been rounded up and tazered into a jelly mass last year when they released all those front line reports putting countless lives in danger for nothing more than more publicity.

and under the geneva convention they could all be given the fireing squad for there actions, still with any hope isp's will just block anything with wikileaks in the domasin name and the world can get along without yet another publicity seeking moron and ner do well students jumping on anything they think they can riot over or cause chaos with when they understand next to nothing of the big picture and certainly have no understanding of the ramifications of.

hell i dont care that diplomatic papers were made public about how some overstuffed suit thinks of his or her peers, its not like any of it was actually news, most of what was made dramatically public was well known to anyone with half a brain when it happened and most of htem didnt care much back then either.

whilst some of the material managed to provide a catalyst to get unhappy people to stir to action in a few countries that in all honsty would probably of done so in another year or two at most anyway due to the way things are there.

lets be honest its been well known for years that to get anything done in certain places you have ot pay bribes to the corrupt rulers, and they use lethal force to retain control and carry on leading the high life, those same places are hotbeds of unrest just looking for a leader to rise up against the conditions and the people in charge.

so the upshot of the whole thing was the guy who is incharge of the organisation was facing criminal charges, ran away and then did something to deny the charges were real, and attempt to generate public sympathy.

personally i think the big problem is not what he/they have done but they way the media reported the whole thing, making secret/personal comunicaes public used to be a crime, and as such the entire organisation should be treated as a criminal fraternity and everyone associated locked up.

if people wanted that material published they would have done it themselves.
@nanotm

This is why we can't have good things anymore - people like you.

Quote some data, how many have died because of those leaks?
If you find some statistics, tell me please, how many Iraqi civilians were killed since you attacked that country? Whenever I see rants like these about poor American soldiers, I always wonder why there is no mention of Iraqis?
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If you speak broadly enough...
John L. Ries 14th Feb 2011
@nanotm
...just about anyone you don't like can be classified as a terrorist. There was a poster to this forum a few years ago who seriously called boycotters terrorists.

But such is the nature of rhetorical hyperbole, which I then called a form of lying; lying being properly defined as deliberate deception, even if technically truthful. I stand by that characterization.
Well, WikiLeaks has not revealed a single iota of meaningful secret information that I've been able to detect. I guess that fact alone removes them from being classified as a terrorist organization.
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Alleged Terrorist Actions
sboverie 14th Feb 2011
Under US law, a person is presumed innocent until found guilty in a court of law. The presumption of innocence is an important part of US law and this presumption tends to disappear in the court of public opinion.

As far as I can tell, Assange has not been charged with terrorist actions or even with anthing other than a couple of possible rape charges. If he has performed an action that violates state secrets, an act of terrorism or other politically criminal activity then he should be charged and tried in a court of law. The court decides guilt or innocence not a mob.

I have not read all of the wikileaks but it sounds like the information is more embarrassing to several governments than any aid to our enemies. The people have a valid interest in knowing what their government is doing in their names excluding information that truly would compromise national security. Hiding mistakes and crimes under the cloak of national security is wrong and is a sign of a corrupt government.
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Assange has NOT been charged with rape
HollywoodDog 15th Feb 2011
@sboverie@... they're trying to extradite him for 'questioning' which they refuse to conduct over the phone or in person in the UK. Also, in Sweden rape trials are conducted in secret. So he'd walk in to a building, sometime later an official would emerge and announce he's been found guilty, and the public would never get to see the evidence. Would you volunteer to go through that?

We're never going to get to rummage through the lives of the CIA prostitutes they threw at him.
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they don't question you over the phone moron
Ron Bergundy Updated - 15th Feb 2011
@HollywoodDog
here's a little truth for you - they question you in person so that you can't comeback and say "i wanted to tell the truth but a guy was standing behind me with a gun forcing me to lie that you couldn't see.

even in the presence of cameras and police at both end they talk to you FACE TO FACE so that they can see if you're lying or not

how many people get hired for a job with just a phone interview huh? yeah i know you didn't think that thruogh before opening your mouth did you?

you just saw another excuse you could make for this fool and it backfired.

beside witnesses can't make a positive id from a video feed or picture. in the end they have to ID them IN PERSON
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Assange offered
HollywoodDog 15th Feb 2011
@HollywoodDog .. to be questioned in London - in person. They seem to want him on their actual territory, for some odd reason.

Also, they have no grounds to extradite if there are no charges. Perhaps they should come ask again once they have charges.
Is this a technology or a philosophy blog??
@MajorlyCool Sociological, at times. Technology and society overlap more than you may think.
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So, why don't you write about Beyonce...
adornoe@... 14th Feb 2011
because I'm pretty sure that somewhere along the way, she and technology also cross paths.
adornoe --

I agree with you on a lot of things, but I think it's impossible to separate politics, economics, and even philosophy from technology if we look at the industry as a whole.

Product reviews, technical specs, etc. can be strictly technical, but as soon as we start talking about how tech is being used, how it's being used ON us, who, how, and when we can access it, and what people (like Assange) are doing with it, then all of the "soft" sciences come into play.

I've said it before, but I don't know how to say it better: asking for tech news without politics is like trying to learn physics without any math.
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do physics without math, and math cannot be done without physics. To many, they are one and the same, although one or the other or both can be applied in other sciences and in everyday life.

Technology and society do overlap, but, technology is not a necessity in order for a society to survive, and societies can exist without technology.

In a modern society, technology is everywhere, but it doesn't have to be present in everything we do.

The thing about wikileaks or Assange is that, what was done is a politically motivated, and though they used the internet to broadcast the documents far and wide, the technology part is only secondary and the politics and motivation are primary. As such, the leaks and the motivations are something that belong in political blogs or espionage blogs, and not in a tech blog. The only part that should be discussed in the tech blogs should be the technology used, and not the politics or motivations or whether it was terrorism or not. This discussion was, from the beginning, about Assange and about wikileaks, and the technology was just tangentially treated; it should be the other way around.
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Best Definition of Terrorism vs. War:
DataArchitect_MI 14th Feb 2011
War is terrorism of the rich.
Terrorism is war of the poor.
@DataArchitect_MI Got to admit - that is a pretty good assertion.
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to create a commentary article out of?
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The problem with the definition is...
John L. Ries Updated - 14th Feb 2011
@DataArchitect_MI
...Osama bin Laden is a billionaire (or was when he founded Al Qaeda).

There is also a distinction between terrorism and guerrilla warfare; one targets soldiers and things that would be considered legitimate military targets in conventional warfare, while the other targets civilians. For example, guerrillas don't normally hijack cruise liners, hold people for ransom, or beat civilians who don't toe the party line.
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The classic terrorist attitude
John L. Ries Updated - 14th Feb 2011
@John L. Ries
I call this the Osama bin Laden principle because he actually expressed this in an interview in the late 1990s: In a democracy, citizens are responsible for what they allow their governments to do; therefore citizens of enemy states are legitimate military targets.

The objects of terrorism are:

1. To undermine governmental legitimacy; especially to destroy its ability to maintain public order and make it as dangerous as possible to support or work with the existing government (directly or indirectly).
2. To change the political behavior of the citizenry by making it dangerous to oppose the political goals of the terrorists.
3. To change public economic behavior in ways that are detrimental to the target regime.
4. To transfer political power from the established authorities to the terrorists themselves.

All of these are accomplished by fear of physical attack.
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Osama was never a billionire
HollywoodDog 15th Feb 2011
@John L. Ries ... he was a trust fund baby who collected about a million a year for between 10 and 20 years, till he got cut off. Lord knows how much cash Reagan gave him though when he was fighting the Soviets on the Republican party's behalf.
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Most people, including most politicians and government agencies, aren't labeling Assange or Wikileaks as terrorists.

Wikileaks is being classified and viewed as a criminal organization, and Assange is being viewed as a criminal. They have not committed acts of terrorism, but they have committed criminal acts by releasing stolen confidential documents from the government.

If I were to steal a secret government document, and then go and tell the whole world about it, and then got caught, I wouldn't be labeled a terrorist, but I would be labeled a criminal and possibly a traitor for releasing information which could be used to assist our enemies in carrying out military or "terrorist" acts against the U.S.

That last part is where the "terrorist" part of the equation would come in: the assistance that would come from releasing documents which could assist a real terrorist organization, such as Al-Qaeda. The guilty by association wouldn't apply directly to call Assange a terrorist, but, if any information in documents were to be used that would help a terrorist organization to carry out terrorism, and Assange knew beforehand that it could indeed be used to cause harm, then it would be completely fair for the government to seek prosecution under any kind of anti-terrorism laws.

Right now, I agree that Assange is not a "terrorist", but, he is a criminal ( and not because of the alleged rape charges).

See the difference?
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He may be a lawbreaker
John L. Ries Updated - 14th Feb 2011
@adornoe@...
But I think the question arises, are the releases of government documents made by Wikileaks illegal because they are inherently wrong, or wrong because they are illegal? Remember that the vast majority of the documents released are diplomatic dispatches. Such should be confidential, but, as far as I can tell, few, if any, of the documents released contain legitimate military secrets, the disclosure of which would endanger people's lives, or give an enemy a strategic advantage in time of war (or at least impair our intelligence gathering efforts). None, as far as I know, compromise an ongoing criminal investigation (also a legitimate reason for secrecy).

Avoiding embarrassment to oneself and others is not really a legitimate reason for classifying something as more than "confidential". And in the private sector, the traditional remedies for breach of confidentiality are lawsuits and dismissal from one's job, not criminal prosecution.
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John L. Ries: sorry; wrong place
adornoe@... Updated - 19th Feb 2011
text removed

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