Photos: Extreme fabrics

A roll of Aspen aerogel, which can insulate materials to withstand temperatures as low as minus 273 Celsius, or as high as 600 degrees Celsius.

With flame on one side, and a finger on the other, the internal air pockets prevent heat from scorching flesh.

More spools of Aspen aerogel. Plane and ship manufacturers use the material, which weighs far less than conventional insulation. Sports apparel maker Burton also uses it in snowboarding coats.