US marks 50 years of manned space flight

It has been 50 years since astronaut Alan Shepard became the first American to enter the Earth's orbit, reaching an altitude of 116 miles

By Andy Smith, Contributor on May 5, 2011

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Redstone rocket

On 5 May, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American to escape the Earth's atmosphere. He spent 15 minutes in space, reached a peak altitude of 116 miles and travelled at a top speed of 5,180 miles per hour.

A Redstone rocket, similar to the one above, was converted from a ballistic missile into the Mercury-Redstone rocket that propelled Shepard into space.

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Alan Shepard

To prepare for Shepard's flight, Nasa sent a chimp named Ham on a test flight in December 1960. He returned safely but chief rocket scientist Wernher von Braun was not happy with the rocket's performance and went back to the drawing board before attempting another test launch in March 1961, which cleared the way for Shepard's launch.

Already reeling from the shock of Russia's successful launch of a satellite into space, the US was further shaken by Yuri Gagarin's one-orbit flight on 12 April, 1961.

Alan Shepard was duly selected to be the first American in space via the Mercury programme. His spacecraft, Freedom 7, was only 3.5m tall and 1.9m wide.

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Redstone rocket launch

The Redstone rocket that propelled Shepard into space rises a few feet above the ground.

Frequent delays in getting the rocket ready that day forced Nasa to innovate on the spot. When Shepard had to urinate at one point — a completely unplanned event — he was told to simply go ahead and relieve himself.

The 25.2m-tall Redstone rocket was adapted from a missile that was 21m tall, while the fuel tanks were lengthened.

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View of Earth from space

Whereas Gagarin and the chimp Ham had little control of their capsules, Shepard was able to steer somewhat by hand during re-entry.

Once in orbit, Shepard did not have a window to see through and had to rely on a periscope. However, he was able to identify some features of the Florida coast.

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Helicopter at sea

Shepard's flight took him 302 miles into the Atlantic, where he was rescued by helicopter.

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Alan Shepard and JFK

Shepard (right) was upset with Nasa, and von Braun in particular, for the delays of his launch that allowed Yuri Gagarin, instead of him, to become the first man into space. However, being second in the space race provided the incentive for President Kennedy, three weeks later, to give the challenge for the US to send a man to the moon and back by the end of the decade.

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Alan Shepard on the moon

Shepard went on to become the first man to hit a golf ball on the moon. After his Mercury flight he was grounded by Meniere's disease, but surgery allowed him to become commander of Apollo 14 and become the fifth man to step on the moon in 1971.

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